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I think we probably agree that OP is being overly ambitious and idealistic, but...
How do you read history and go "ah yes, everyone always respected borders", or even "everyone respected borders the subset of the time they agreed to do so".
I don't just mean the famous historical war examples, either, but like, recent history and diplomacy.
That's not what I meant, I meant that the concept of sovereignty has persisted over time. Different groups of people have sought out their independence and they go to great lengths to protect it. I obviously didn't mean that sovereignty was protected throughout history because that's clearly not true. The world is filled with empires and invasions. However, I think most people today agree that this was bad. I think a lot of people today would see a modern global government in a similar negative light as it would greatly favor regions in the world that are already rich, heavily populated, and strong. In other words, countries like the US and China would still end up dominating and poor regions would still be screwed over.
You're probably right about that, although the reasons people want their own country to be independent are usually going to be less well-though-out or noble. Neither the US nor China are in favour of more global democracy. China prefers the ability to bully smaller states with no recourse built in, and the zeitgeist in the US is towards total isolationism.
But anyway, that's a bit beside the point. I did think you meant there was some kind of traditional idea of who gets sovereignty, because it's advanced that way sometimes. The real situation is more of a clusterfuck. Civilising the savages, liberating the workers and expansionism because god said so (or because good is dumb, for secular fascists) are just as often trotted out, and usually people don't give their internal separatist movements the time of day even when they're all about avoiding union with their culturally distinct neighbors.
A global government at it's core is a form of imperialism. The idea is going to pushed by specific regions who stand to gain the most and it'll opposed by region who stand to gain the least. No matter what shape the global government takes on, it will always be dominated by a select number of regions. Where the seats of government are going to be, who enforces its laws, who makes up the government, what ideals it would embody, how the voting system is set up, what degree of autonomy can be granted and who grants it, and so on these are things that have to be forced upon people by an authority that seeks to monopolize violence. Imperialism as a concept of where a nation spreads expanding it's influence and power isn't inherently bad, but based on human history this is an idea that can get bad pretty quick. I don't think a global government can be implemented without a great deal of push back, resistance, and force to squash it all.
Imperialism is pretty much used as a snarl word on Lemmy, a lot of the time. When it does have a definition, it's often more centered around the extractive aspect of the empires of the past. Examples of redistribution outwards from the cultural center, instead of inwards, have also existed, like the EU, USSR, or to a degree Canada. So, I don't think it's inevitable things work out that way.
Even now, international laws and agreements cover more and more all the time, because there fundamentally are just shared resources and concerns. If it continues, we won't necessarily have OP's thing, but you're talking about something like a government, and there will be some use of force, like you see in international hotspots now. I wouldn't compare it to, like, the British Empire, though.