Samsung Internet is my favorite, but I am also a lil weirdo. Firefox is my second favorite to merge between devices, as well as connecting with the Pocket app to save things for later.
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the quit button must clear cache and close all tabs, so I think it should be native and not an extension, but maybe I'm wrong?
This is the closest Firefox add-on that I could find: Essential Buttons Toolbar and Homepage
Firefox on Android is really nice and meets most of these. Also having full extension support is a huge plus.
Fennec is just Firefox with privacy defaults.
Firefox is by far the best Android browser.
Probably an unpopular opinion but if you want absolute minimalism without ads use Violoncello text browser!
Duck Duck Go browser has the ability to easily clear history
Have you tried Waterfox? It satisfies most of your requirements, I believe.
Firefox is available on F-Droid under the name of Fennec.
Just to clarify, Fennec is a privacy-focused fork, kind of in the same vein as libreWolf but not as extensive. Since LW isn't available on mobile, Fennec seems to be the next best thing.
I can't really think of any browsers that have all the features OP is looking for. FF (+forks) is probably the closest thing out there.
Vivaldi is very close, it's only missing the FOSS requirement which I'm guessing is one OP would be willing to compromise on.
Brave for me.